Prominent was Richard Coates's 1998 argument that it derived from pre-Celtic Old European * (p)lowonida, meaning 'river too wide to ford'. The toponymy of the Common Brythonic form is debated. This was adapted into Latin as Londinium and borrowed into Old English. It is agreed that the name came into these languages from Common Brythonic recent work tends to reconstruct the lost Celtic form of the name as * Londonjon or something similar. Modern scientific analyses of the name must account for the origins of the different forms found in early sources: Latin (usually Londinium), Old English (usually Lunden), and Welsh (usually Llundein), with reference to the known developments over time of sounds in those different languages. The earliest attested appears in Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae, written around 1136. Over the years, the name has attracted many mythicising explanations. London is an ancient name, already attested in the first century AD, usually in the Latinised form Londinium for example, handwritten Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70вЂ“80 include the word Londinio ('in London').

9.3 Museums, art galleries and libraries.

2.3 Anglo-Saxon and Viking period London.

The London Underground is the oldest rapid transit system in the world. It has numerous museums, galleries, libraries and sporting venues, including the British Museum, National Gallery, Natural History Museum, Tate Modern, British Library and West End theatres. Other landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Paul's Cathedral, Tower Bridge and Trafalgar Square. London has four World Heritage Sites: the Tower of London Kew Gardens the Palace of Westminster, along with Westminster Abbey, and St Margaret's Church and the historic settlement in Greenwich, where the Royal Observatory, Greenwich defines the Prime Meridian (0В° longitude) and Greenwich Mean Time. The London metropolitan area is the third-most populous in Europe after Istanbul's and Moscow's, with 14,040,163 inhabitants in 2016. Greater London Built-up Area is the fourth-most populous in Europe, after Istanbul, Moscow and Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. It accounts for 13.4 per cent of the UK population. The mid-2018 population of Greater London of about 9 million, made it Europe's third-most populous city. London's diverse cultures mean over 300 languages are spoken. In 2012, London became the first city to host three Summer Olympic Games. The city is home to the most 5-star hotels of any city in the world.

With Europe's largest concentration of higher education institutions, it includes Imperial College London in natural and applied sciences, the London School of Economics in social sciences, and the comprehensive University College London. In 2019 it had the second highest number of ultra high-net-worth individuals in Europe after Paris and the second-highest number of billionaires of any city in Europe after Moscow.

Its GDP (в‚¬801.66 billion in 2017) makes it the biggest urban economy in Europe and one of the major financial centres in the world. London, as one of the world's global cities, exerts strong influence on its arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, health care, media, tourism, and communications. The City of Westminster, to the west of the City of London, has for centuries held the national government and parliament. Since the 19th century, 'London' has also referred to the metropolis around this core, historically split between the counties of Middlesex, Essex, Surrey, Kent, and Hertfordshire, which largely comprises Greater London, governed by the Greater London Authority. The City of London, its ancient core and financial centre, was founded by the Romans as Londinium and retains boundaries close to its medieval ones. It stands on the River Thames in south-east England at the head of a 50-mile (80В km) estuary down to the North Sea, and has been a major settlement for two millennia. London is the capital and largest city of England and the United Kingdom. Metropolitan (excluding the City of London square-mile)

2022.03

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